From: Extrapelvic endometriosis: a rare entity or an under diagnosed condition?
Past theories | |
---|---|
Von Recklinghausen (1885) | Embryonic mesonephric elements |
Grunwald (1942) | Fetal cells of Muller resources can be converted into endometrial cells |
Metaplasia theory (Meyers 1903) | Metaplasia of the peritoneal serosa cuff differentiation of mesothelial cells of the peritoneum |
Theory of dispersion and transplantation (Halban, Sampson) | Dispersion of endometrial cells through lymphatic vessels and hematogenous spread |
Theory of induction (Merril) | Combination of the previous theories |
Modern theories combine | |
Estrogens | Estrogen dependent |
Genetics | Hereditary (10q26, 7p15.2) |
Transplantation | Direct spread |
Immune system | Incapability of the immune system |
Context | Environmental factors |
Congenital defect | Atretic hymen |
Ectopic endometrial implantation via retrograde menses | |
Cellular level | Development of monoclonal tissue with characteristics of malignant behavior |
Molecular level | Enzymes of the extracellular matrix act to endometriosis or in normal endometrium of women with endometriosis |
MMP-9/TIMP-1 | Stamatowicz et al. |
MMP-9/TIMP-3 | Chung et al. |
MMP-5 type membranes increase | Gaetje et al. |
MMP-3/uPA | Ramon et al. |
VEGF/MMP-3/uPA | Gillabert –Estelles et al. |
VEGF/MMP-2/CD44/Ki67 | Kim et al. |
PAI/TIMP-1 | Gillabert –Estelles et al. |
IL-1/MMP-1 | Hudelist et al. |