Table 1 The summary of previously reported cases of the coexistence of papillary thyroid carcinoma, primary thyroid lymphoma and Hashimoto thyroiditis
Series | Sex/age(y) | Presentation | Thyroid ultrasound | Thyroid function | Preoperative diagnosis (FNAC) | Pathologic diagnosis | Therapy | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hasan et al. 2014 [17] | F/60 | Painless lump on the right side of throat for 3 months | Enlarged right lobe, heterogeneous parenchyma | Data not available | Non-diagnostic, possible lymphoproliferative disease or thyroiditis | MALT lymphoma, HT and PTC, follicular variant | Right thyroid lobectomy, radiation therapy | No recurrence for 3 years |
Jayaprakash et al. 2014 [18] | F/32 | A sudden increase of a solitary nodule for 2 weeks | Enlarged nodular thyroid with hyperechoic areas | Hypothyroidism | Features of HT and PTC | HT, small focus of PTC—follicular variant and NHL | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, chemotherapy | No recurrence for 1 year |
Cheng et al 2012 [19] | M/59 | Progressive thyroid enlargement for a few months, intermittent dysphagia | Discrete hypoechoic nodules in each lobe with speckled calcifications | Hypothyroidism | Right-sided nodule: predominance of associated lymphoid cells, possible low grade lymphoproliferative disorder. Left sided nodule: nuclear features of PTC | MALT lymphoma in the right lobe and PTC in the left, HT | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, RAI therapy | No recurrence for 6 years |
Vassilatou et al. 2011 [20] | Case 1: F/51 | Palpable nodule in the right lobe, palpitations | Multinodular goiter | Subclinical hyperthyroidism, anti -TPO + | Larger nodule in the right lobe – PTC, larger nodule in the left lobe—HT | PTC and Warthin-like papillary carcinoma in the right lobe, MALT lymphoma in the left lobe and extensive HT | Total thyroidectomy, RAI therapy | No recurrence for 1 year |
Case 2: M/63 | Incidentally found small multinodular goiter on a carotid US | Multinodular goiter, larger nodule in the right lobe, hypoechoic | Normal | Right-sided nodule suspicious for malignancy | Invasive follicular carcinoma in the right lobe, PTC in the left, both sided HT, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine therapy, RAI therapy | No recurrence for 1 year | |
De Melo et al. 2010 [21] | M/61 | Painless thyroid enlargement for three months | Multinodular goiter, some nodules with gross calcifications | Normal | Not performed | Multicentric PTC, HT and MALT lymphoma | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, RAI therapy | No recurrence for 2 years |
Alvarez -Vazquez et al. 2007 [22] | F/84 | Enlarging thyroid mass for a month, dysphagia, stridor, hoarseness | Large goiter with bilateral jugular lymphadenopathy | Normal, anti-TPO + | Not performed | MALT lymphoma with focal transformation in DLBCL (extrathyroid extension), PTC – tall cell, HT | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, palliative external radiotherapy | Patient died 6 months later |
Nam et al. 2013 [23] | F/81 | Goiter, hoarseness and weight loss | Enlargement of the thyroid gland, both sided nodules | Normal | Suspicious for PTC | PTC in the right lobe (minimal extrathyroidal extension) and HT. MALT lymphoma in the left lobe | Total thyroidectomy, right and left central neck node dissection, L-thyroxine | No recurrence for 1 years |
Levy-Blitchtein et al. 2016 [23] | M/54 | Goiter enlargement for 9 months, cervical pain, dysphonia and dysphagia | Hypoechoic nodules in both lobes | Normal | Not performed | PTC (classic variant), extranodal MALT lymphoma, HT | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, RAI therapy | Not reported |
Chen et al. 2019 [13] | F/37 | Expanding neck mass for 4 weeks, dyspnea, dysphagia | Enlargement of the right thyroid lobe | Data not available | Data not available | DLBCL, PTC, HT- not clearly stated | Right thyroid lobectomy, chemotherapy | No recurrence for 1 year |
Shen et al. 2015 [25] | F/25 | Incidentally found small multinodular goiter on carotid US | Multinodular goiter; largest hypoechoic nodule in the right lobe | Normal | Atypical follicular epithelial cells and atypical lymphoid cells in the largest nodule | PTC, MALT lymphoma, HT | Total thyroidectomy, L-thyroxine, RAI therapy, chemotherapy | No recurrence for 2 years |
Trovato et al. 2017 [26] | F/66 | Enlargement of the right side of the neck, intermittent dysphagia | Hypoechoic nodule in the right lobe | Hypothyroidism | Atypical epithelial cells and lymphocytic infiltration | DLBCL, PTC (microcarcinoma, classic variant), HT | Total thyroidectomy, chemotherapy, RAI therapy | No recurrence for 2 years |
Kir et al. 2018 [27] | F/77 | Progressively enlarging thyroid gland for 2 years | Diffuse thyroid enlargement with heterogeneous nodularity | Normal | High-grade NHL and HT | DLBCL, HT, microscopic PTC | Total thyroidectomy, chemotherapy and RAI therapy | No recurrence for 2 years |
Duger et al. 2020 [28] | F/65 | Palpable nodules in the thyroid gland | Solid, hypoechoic nodules in both lobes | Normal | Benign findings of both nodules | PTC (microcarcinoma) in both lobes, MALT lymphoma, and DLBCL, HT | Total thyroidectomy | Not reported |
Lan et al. 2018 [29] | Case 1: M/57 | Enlargement and palpable nodules in both thyroid lobes | Multinodular goiter | Normal (anti-TPO +) | Not performed | PTC, MALT lymphoma, HT | Total left and partial right lobectomy, regional lymph node dissection, L-thyroxine | No recurrence for 5 years |
Case 2: F/43 | No symptoms | Small calcified nodule in the isthmus. Thyroid enlargement | Hypothyroidism (anti-TPO +) | PTC | PTC, MALT lymphoma, HT | Total thyroidectomy | No recurrence for 5 years | |
Case 3: F/61 | Progressive enlargement of the thyroid gland | Hypoechoic mass in the right lobe, nodule in the left lobe | Normal (anti-TPO +) | Not performed | PTC, MALT lymphoma, HT | Right thyroid lobectomy radiotherapy | No recurrence for 5 years | |
Xie et al. 2015 [2] | Male/41 | Painless left sided thyroid enlargement for 2 months | Hypoechoic nodularity in isthmus and left lobe | Normal (anti-TPO +) | Not performed | PTC, DLBCL, HT | Left thyroid lobectomy and isthmectomy, dissection of left cervical lymph nodes, chemotherapy, radiotherapy | No recurrence for 2 months |
Whitehouse et al. 2020 [14] | M/83 | Swelling of the right side of the neck | Enlarged right lobe, hyperechoic, partially calcified nodule | Hypothyroidism | Features of PTC, background inflammatory cells | PTC, MALT lymphoma, HT | Total thyroidectomy | No recurrence for 5 years |